Processo de apoio a tomada de decisão abordagens : AHP e MACBETH

Abstract

O processo de tomada de decisão é um processo subjetivo, que o decisor exerce através da percepção e do julgamento sob o seu ponto de vista. Os métodos multicritérios de apoio à decisão caracterizam-se principalmente pela capacidade de analisar problemas incorporando critérios, tanto quantitativos como qualitativos. Duas escolas multicritérios foram criadas paralelamente, a Escola Americana e a Francesa, e sob os princípios destas escolas muitos métodos foram desenvolvidos. Dentre eles, o AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), fundamentado na Escola Americana, e o MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique), na Escola Francesa. São métodos flexíveis, vão se adaptando às mudanças que ocorrem durante o processo de seleção, aumentando assim a objetividade e eficiência da decisão. O AHP caracteriza-se pela capacidade de analisar o problema de tomada de decisão através da construção de níveis hierárquicos e a comparação par-a-par destes níveis. O MACBETH é um método interativo, que auxilia a construção de uma escala cardinal. As teorias são apresentadas de forma detalhada, seguidas de aplicações que permitem mostrar objetivamente como utilizar as técnicas. Enfoca-se a importância dos métodos na tomada de decisão, e verificam-se as diferenças fundamentais entre elas.

Abstract: The decision-making process is a subjective one, in which the decision-maker uses perceptions and value judgements. Making a decision is task that demands knowledge, security and coherence. By the beginning of the 70’s, a new stage in the decision-making supporting process began to take shape. The shortage of resources (financial, human, etc), as well as the increasing onus of these resources, turned the attention to multicriterion domains. Multicriterion methods supporting decision-making are characterized by their capacity to analyze problems, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative criteria, that are, in many cases, in conflict with each other. They are supported by the principle that in order to make a decision, previous knowledge and experience are just as valuable as the data gathered. Two multicriterion schools - the American and the French school - were created at the same time, and guided by the principles of both, many new methods have been developed. Among them, are the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and the MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique). The former is based on the American School, and the latter, on the French School. Both methodologies have two underlying principles: struturing and evaluation. These methods help the decicion-maker to analyze the information, while facilitating communication and understanding between. They are also flexible methods, which adapt to changes that occur during the selection process, so as to increase objectivity and efficiency of at the moment of decision-making. The AHP method is caracterized by its capacity to analyze the decision-making problem by building hierarchy levels and comparing these levels. MACBETH is an interactive method that helps to construct a cardinal scale. Preferences are semantically determined, and later, through linear programming, are transformed into a numerical value scale. The theories are presented in detail, followed by examples of their application, that show objectively how to use these techniques. This dissertation focuses on the importance of the decision-making methods and verifies the major differences between them.